Researchers from the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Research Center “Kurchatov” studied in detail the Vozdvizhensky treasure found in Veliky Novgorod. The results are published in the journal “Russian Archaeology”.
The treasure dates from the late 10th century and includes 39 silver beads of various shapes and designs, as well as a beaded necklace.
Diverse beads and international connections
Beads include smooth, ribbed, granular, hemispherical, filigree, openwork, lobed and spiral shapes. Some of them resemble items from the Gnezdovo treasury and the Scandinavian archaeological sites of Gotland and Varby. This confirms Veliky Novgorod's active trade relations with other European regions and possibly with the Vikings.
Researchers have determined the origin of the beads: beads and openwork – from Moravia, hemisphere – from the West Slavic lands, spiral – Scandinavia, lobed – from Volyn.
“Such diversity reflects international styles and demonstrates the status, wealth and cultural identity of the ancient elite,” the study authors explain.
Interestingly, similar decorations were also found in the graves of the rural aristocracy, which suggests the gradual spread of such items beyond the urban elite.
Some beads show notable wear, especially granular and spiral beads, while hemispherical beads are better preserved. Researchers speculate that the treasure may contain parts of several necklaces, some of which have been used for a long time, while others are new. The presence of double beads suggests that they may have been worn or sold as a set. Even worn jewelry retains its value and is not a disposable accessory.
Modern analytical methods
To study the composition and structure of the particles, scientists used optical and scanning electron microscopes, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, as well as X-ray and neutron tomography at the Kurchatov Institute. All beads are made from highly pure silver, usually from solid pieces of metal. Nine beads had internal defects such as cleavage and microcracks, which shed light on the limitations of materials and manufacturing technology of the time.
The uniformity in size of beads, strings and leaves indicates a highly developed craft tradition and the possibility of standardization of tools and techniques used by different craftsmen. This confirms the existence of a well-established production network and a high level of workmanship.
History and background of the treasure
The Vozdvizhensky Treasure reflects life at the end of the 10th century – a time of vibrant trade and cultural exchange. Veliky Novgorod connected the Baltic states with Byzantium and the Islamic world. Silver, often from pre-Islamic times, was widely used in jewelry. While coins help date treasures, jewelry tells a deeper story about cultural and social life.
The reason for the treasure burial is still unknown. It may have been hidden during a period of political unrest or as an offering.
“The Vozdvizhensky Treasure is more than just a collection of beads, it is evidence of the craftsmanship and international connections of the Viking Age,” the researchers note.
