Archaeologists from the University of Calgary and the University of Greenland have discovered evidence of repeated human occupation more than 4,500 years ago on the Kizisut Islands north of Greenland. The research was published in the journal Antiquity.
These findings indicate that early Paleo-Inuit communities had seafaring skills that allowed them to actively exploit Arctic resources and influence the region's ecosystem.
Dangerous journey through Poligny
Kitsisut is located in the heart of Pikialasorsuaq (Greenland), a complex of polylines, areas of ocean that do not freeze even during harsh Arctic winters. To reach the archipelago, people had to cross at least 50 km of sea, facing strong currents, strong winds and icy water.
“It was a remarkable journey in small frame boats. It required transporting families and supplies through dangerous waters,” said Dr. Matthew Walls of the University of Calgary.
He notes that frequent trips to seabird colonies and other seasonal resources demonstrate a high level of seamanship.
Archaeological discovery
About 300 sites have been recorded on the archipelago. Among them are tent rings, fireplaces, hunting gear and leftovers. These artifacts indicate repeated visits and long-term use of the islands. According to Walls, even rare discoveries of ships confirm that humans were not limited to hunting activities on land and actively interacted with the marine environment.
Scientists pay special attention to seasonal resource mobilization. Paleo-Inuit brought supplies and possibly hunting animals to the islands, and transported seafood back to the mainland. This allows them to connect marine and terrestrial ecosystems, influencing nutrient distribution and biodiversity.
Social and cultural aspects
Seafaring skills were important to the social structure of the Paleo-Inuit people.
“The ability to set sail and return safely with booty was passed down from generation to generation and formed part of social life,” Walls said.
Regular boat crossings require coordination, knowledge of ocean currents and weather, and teamwork, which helps strengthen social bonds and learning among young members of the community.
Impact on the ecosystem
Early explorers interacted extensively with seabirds, marine mammals, and other resources.
“By hunting, collecting and transporting nutrients from the sea to the land, these people functioned as ‘ecological engineers,'” Walls added.
Their activities have contributed to the formation and maintenance of biodiversity on the islands, while also influencing the structure of coastal ecosystems.
Scientists note that these events occurred shortly after the glaciers receded, when nature in the area was especially fragile. The people's continued presence on Kitsissuta, their frequent sea voyages, and their seasonal use of resources show how well they adapted to harsh conditions and were able to develop sustainable ways of interacting with the environment.
